In Vitro Activity of Hydrolysable Tannins Against Common Fish Pathogens

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Aquaculture Europe 2016 Edinburgh, Scotland

In Vitro Activity of Hydrolysable Tannins Against Common Fish Pathogens

Introduction

Scientific studies demonstrated a positive effect of hydrolizable tannins against the growth of certain pathogens and thus promoting health and balance of the intestinal flora. The feed additive Silvafeed TSP (Hydrolysable Tannins)declared to have protein absorption enhancement, pathogenic bacteria suppression and vasoconstriction properties in poultry and ruminant digestive tracts, has been tested in vitro to determine its antibacterial effects against bacterial fish pathogens. Among the diseases in intensive fish farming, bacteria are the most significant pathogens of cultured fish. Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garviase and Yersinia ruckeri are bacterial pathogens causing infectious diseases in fish (Lukkana et al., 2011). A. hydrophila is a common bacteria in freshwater habitats throughout the world and is present in normal microflora and inhabiting fish reservoirs (Cipriano, 2001; Floyd, 2009). The gram-positive cocci, Streptococcus, are pathogenic bacteria which have been reported to be responsible for severe economic losses in tilapia production caused by high mortality and poor meat quality yield (Yanong and Floyd, 2006; Floyd, 2009). Lactococcosis is an emerging pathology affecting a variety of fish species all over the world. Enteric redmouth disease (ERM, yersiniosis) is one of the most important diseases of salmonids and leads to significant economic losses (Horne, 1999). Antibiotics play an important role in the disease management of aquaculture practices. However antibiotic resistance develops readily in pathogens following antibiotic treatment. Plant tissues are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids, which have been found to have in-vitro antimicrobial properties. Some of these plant-derived compounds seem to be promising candidates to replace AGPs (Cowan, 2009; Hernandéz, 2004). A benefit of the use of tannins as an alternative to AGPs, is the hypothetical difficulty of bacteria to develop resistance against the diverse range of molecules that contain these plant compounds.

A study was done in vitro to evaluation of the minimum inhibitor activity of Silvafeed TSP (hydrolizable tannins) against 6 of the most common fish pathogen: Lactococcosis disease (Lactococcus garviae); Yersiniosis or enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila); Foruncolosi (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. Salmonicida), vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum) and Coldwater streptococcosis (Vagococcus salmoninarum).

Materials and methods

Antibacterial properties of Silvafeed TSP hydrolysable tannins have been assessed through Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method at five different dosages; 0.05 %, 0.10 %, 0.025 %, 0.40 % and 0.50 %. Throughout the study Florfenicol susceptibility disks are used for antibacterial controls against all pathogens. Each dosage level is assessed in duplicate for control purposes. Furthermore the product is diluted both in PBS (phosphate buffered saline solution) and ether using the resulting solutions as controls of one another. Prepared pathogen suspensions are planted in Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck) according to Mc Farland 0.5 standards. Bacteria are incubated at 21˚C for 24-48 hours.

Results

Table I shows the in vitro activity of Silvafeed TSP against Listonella anguillarum, Yersiniae ruckeri Aereomonas salmonicida supsp. Salmonicida, Aereomonas hydrophyla, Lactococcus garvieae and Vagococcus salmoninarum.

Discussion and conclusion

This in vitro study showed that Silvafeed TSP has a strong antibacterial effect against common bacterial fish pathogens as Listonella anguillarum, Yersiniae ruckeri and Aereomonas salmonicidas supsp. Salmonicida at all studied dosage levels whilst a moderate effectiveness has been observed against Aereomonas hydrophyla, and a slight effect was assessed against Lactococcus garvieae and Vagococcus salmoninarum at the higher end of the dosage range (0.40 % and 0.50 %).

The present findings indicate that hydrolysable tannin extract Silvafeed TSP is a potential antibacterial agent, Although it has a marked in vitro inhibitory effect on fish bacterial pathogens, the inhibition is necessary to be confirmed in an in vivo trial.

References

Cagirgan, H., and T. Tanrikul. “Testing the effectiveness of a Yersinia vaccine in infected and chemically treated juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).” Journal of Applied Ichthyology 14.3‐4 (1998): 239-243.

Cipriano, Rocco C., and Graham L. Bullock. Furunculosis and other diseases caused by Aeromonas salmonicida. National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 2001.

Cipriano, Rocco C., et al., 2001. Reappraisal of the federal fish health recommendation for disinfecting eggs of Atlantic salmon in iodophor. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 13.4 : 320-327.

Cowan M.M., Plant products as antimicrobial agents, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12 (4) (1999) 564e582.

Floyd, Trevor A., Charles MacInnis, and Barry R. Taylor. “Effects of artificial woody structures on Atlantic salmon habitat and populations in a Nova Scotia stream.” River Research and Applications 25.3 (2009): 272-282.

Hernandez F., Madrid J., V. García, Orengo M., Megías M.D., Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size, Poult. Sci. 83 (2) (2004) 169e174.

Horne, M. T., and A. C. Barnes. “Enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri).” (1999).

Lukkana, Mintra, Janenut Wongtavatchai, and Rungtip Chuanchuen. “Expression of AheABC efflux system and plasmid profile of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from farmed nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).” The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 41.4 (2011): 529.

Tanrikul, T. Tansel. “Vibriosis as an epizootic disease of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) in Turkey.” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences10.10 (2007): 1733-1737.

Yanong, Roy PE, and Ruth Francis-Floyd. “Streptococcal Infections of Fish1.” (2002). Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

The Effects of Tannins in Monogastric Animals with Special Reference to Alternative Feed Ingredients

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饲用单宁酸Abstract: Over recent years, the monogastric animal industry has witnessed an increase in feed prices due to several factors, and this trend is likely to continue. The hike in feed prices is mostly due to extreme competition over commonly used conventional ingredients. For this trend to be subdued, alternative ingredients of both plant and animal origin need to be sourced. These types of ingredients are investigated with the aim of substituting all or some of the conventional compounds. However, alternative ingredients often have a double-edged sword effect, in that they can supply animals with the necessary nutrients although they contain antinutritional factors such as tannins. Tannins are complex secondary metabolites commonly present in the plant kingdom, known to bind with protein and make it unavailable; however, recently they have been proven to have the potential to replace conventional ingredients, in addition to their health benefits, particularly the control of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella. Thus, the purpose of this review is to (1) classify the types of tannins present in alternative feed ingredients, and (2) outline the effects and benefits of tannins in monogastric animals. Several processing methods have been reported to reduce tannins in diets for monogastric animals; furthermore, these need to be cost-effective. It can thus be concluded that the level of inclusion of tannins in diets will depend on the type of ingredient and the animal species.单宁酸

单宁酸产品特性

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来源于天然植物提取的单宁酸，具有良好的抗腹泻、抗菌、抗氧化、抗寄生虫等功效，能够改善畜禽生长性能，提高饲料利用率，减少抗生素和氧化锌的使用，提高动物整体的健康程度及动物性产品的安全性。

What is tannic acid?

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单宁酸具有抗氧化作用，是一种天然的防腐剂，能有效避免红酒被氧化变酸，使长期储存的红酒能保持最佳状态。最近的研究发现，单宁对预防和治疗心血管疾病有较好的效果。心脑血管疾病仍是威胁人类健康的头号杀手，所以中老年人坚持每天喝适量的葡萄酒进行自我保健是一个很好的方法。另外，现在很多年轻人工作压力大，精神压力大，很多人都处于亚健康状态。因此，年轻人最好也养成喝红酒的习惯，这样可以安抚神经，缓解压力。

单宁酸及其与不同有机氮化合物和酶的复杂相互作用:旧的范式与新的进展对比

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单宁与蛋白质之间的相互作用已经研究了50多年，因为其独特的特性和在食品工业和药理学中的潜在用途。然而，随着单宁酸浓度对酶的调控以及与其他非蛋白氮化合物的潜在相互作用的新见解的提出，未来的研究还需要进行。应特别注意使用纯化和表征良好的单宁，因为植物提取物中多酚的化学成分和其他化合物的存在可能会显著影响单宁与氮化合物的相互作用。后续研究的目的应该是将这些结果推导到更复杂的、异质的、现实的体系中。总之，研究单宁酸与蛋白质之间的相互作用，以及其他有机化合物之间的相互作用的研究很可能会引起人们的极大关注，因为人们对多酚类化合物在人类健康和疾病治疗方面的普遍兴趣，同时也对其在饮料和食品工业中的作用产生了浓厚的兴趣。

Tannins and Their Complex Interaction with Different Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Enzymes: Old Paradigms versus Recent Advances

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Interactions between tannins and proteins have been studied for more than 50 years, because of their unique characteristics and potential use in food industry and pharmacology. However, with the new insights regarding regulation of enzymes by tannin concentration and the potential interaction with other non‐protein N compounds, future studies are needed. Special attention should be paid to the use of well‐purified and characterized tannins, because the chemistry of polyphenols and the presence of other compounds in plant extracts may significantly affect tannin interactions with N compounds. Follow‐up studies should aim to extrapolate these results to more complex, heterogenic, realistic systems. In conclusion, studies investigating the interactions between tannins and proteins, but also other organic compounds, are likely to attract significant attention due to the general interest in polyphenols with regard to human health and disease treatment, but also their role in the beverage and food industry.

水解单宁对常见鱼类病原体的体外活性

2020年5月17日没有评论

这项体外研究表明，Silvafeed TSP(饲用单宁酸）对常见的细菌鱼病原体（如李斯特菌，鼠疫耶尔森菌和沙门氏菌气单胞菌）具有很强的抗菌作用，在所有研究的剂量水平下，对沙门氏杆菌都有较强的抗菌效果，而对水生单胞菌有中等的效果，在较高的剂量范围内（0.40％和0.50％），对乳球菌和鲑鱼阴道球菌有轻微的效果。